Over a period of 5 centuries Bombay, which was one of oldest
and best example of fight for human survival in Indian history, has slowly
transformed into today’s Mumbai (or Greater Mumbai). What do we mean by
‘transformed’? Typically the answer to such questions has the same plot – start
with the first chapter (old school is always the best school!). Let’s turn the
hourglass and race against time.
Chapter 1 – Before the high tide
“All things exist in sevens, since it is the nature of the
universe to exist in sevens”.
-Enoch Tan, creator of Mind Reality
7 days of creation, 7 days in a week, 7 deadly sins, 7 notes
in music, 7 colors in a rainbow, 7 states of matter, 7 continents of the World,
7 stars of the Big Dipper, 7 seas, snow white’s 7 dwarfs and James Bond 007!
The story of Mumbai also starts with 7 – The Seven Islands
of Bombay.
Once upon a time there was an archipelago of lush green seven islands, dotted
with 22 hills at the west coast of India, with the Arabian sea washing through
them at high tide. These were the habitat of Kolis, the local indigenous people
of western India whose main means of living was fishing.They consisted of
Bombay, which was only 24 km long and 4 km wide from Dongri to Malabar Hill (at
its broadest point) and was the main harbour and nucleus of British fort around
which the city grew, Colaba, Old Woman’s Island, Mazagaon, Worli, Parel and
Mahim.
Seven original islands of Bombay |
Chapter 2: City by the Sea
For centuries, the islands were under the control of
successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the British East India
Company. The waves were progressing inwards at Worli and Mahim, which turned
the land between the islands into a swamp, making Mumbai islands extremely unhealthy
and journeys between them dangerous. During the next 150 years many
reclamations were undertaken to improve matters. From 1782 onwards, huge
amounts of sand was dredged and rocks blasted off the hills situated on the
islands were quarried on account of many large-scale civil engineering projects
aimed at merging all seven islands. Under the first project, causeways were
developed over small creeks of Umarkhadi and Pydhonie to join Mazagaon to
Bombay.
Phase I
Hornby Vellard Project: Then governor William Hornby gave a
nod for the building of a sea-wall named Hornby Vellard ( Portuguese word
‘vallado’ meaning fence or embankment) to block the Worli creek sealing the
Great Breach (Breach Candy) between Dongri, Malabar hill and Worli. The wall
was expected to block the incoming waves from flooding the low lying areas of
the city and was completed in 1784. It, thus, facilitated the reclamation of
400 acres of land on which the city spread. The surroundings of Mahalaxmi,
Kamathipura, Tardeo and parts of Bycullah were inhabited by the crowd from
central city. The cost was estimated at about Rs. 1,00,000. Eventually many
causeways were built to connect various land masses developed. It included a
causeway from Salsette to Sion in 1803 and Mahim to Bandra in 1845. Mahim and
Bandra were joined at a total cost of Rs 1,57,000 granted by Lady Avabai
Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, wife of the first baronet Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, from
her personal pocket.
Colaba Causeway: The Colaba causeway was completed in 1838
joining Colaba, Old Woman’s Island and nearby small islands to Bombay. In 1870,
the hills of Chinchpokli and Byculla area were quarried and thrown into the
sea, to fill up the gaps around railway lines and land masses so as to leave no
room for stagnant water. The Bombay City Improvement trust completed
reclamation of a massive 90,000 square yards of land alongside the west coast
of Colaba by 1905.
Map of Bombay in 1893 |
Phase II
Backbay Reclamation: City became the important centre
of trade and commerce and additional plans were made to reclaim more land for
building roads and rail tracks. Bombay began to attract many traders and
population increased quickly from 13,726 in 1780 to 9,77,822 in 1906. To
accommodate the exponentially growing population major constructions happened
in Bombay from 1870 to 1970 which ended with the Backbay Reclamation.
Reclaimed Land |
The Backbay Reclamation Company (BRC) was formed in the
1860s with the aim to reclaim the Back Bay which is in between Colaba and
Bombay islands. But the BRC went bankrupt in 1865 as the land prices fell
drastically and the small strip of reclaimed land was given away to Government
Railways for construction of railway lines between the islands. This was
followed by another proposal by the Development Directorate in 1917. They aimed
to reclaim 607 hectares of land filling up the entire Backbay by 1945 at an
overall estimated expenditure of Rs 11 crores. However, the construction came
to a steady halt when The Backbay Enquiry Committee headed by K F Nariman
pointed out faults in the construction like an inefficient dredging craft and
leakage of 9,00,000 cubic yards of sand through the new sea wall constructed
under this project. Eventually, 94 of the 100 hectares developed was sold to
military and on the remaining Marine Drive was established.Third Backbay
Reclamation project built the Nariman Point and Cuffe Parade over the garbage
of the city illegally dumped into the Arabian sea!
Chapter 3: As the City Grew!
“Self-interest is the survival of the animal in us. Humanity
only begins for a man with self-surrender.”
- Henryi Frederic Amiel, Swiss Philosopher
The Supreme Court slowed down the reclamations since 1970 in
the interest of protecting the shoreline and fishermen. And the Supreme Court
has added more restriction in 1990s with the Coastal Regulatory Zones. Why did
they have to put these restrictions? Every city at the coast has
wetlands, wastelands, mangroves and salt-pan lands which act like buffers in
slowing down the high tide before it reaches the mainland. In the past 10 years
each of these has been destroyed systematically in Mumbai. For the construction
of Bandra-Worli sea link the Mithi river is blocked with reclamations. 20,000
hectares of wetlands were destroyed in the name of urbanisation in Vasai-Virar
and 7,000 hectares of wetlands were replaced by Jawaharlal Nehru Port. So no
cushion is left to absorb the surplus water of the sea during the high tide or
for the heavy rains during the monsoons. The water has no alternative but to
hit the land.
Versova Beach Erosion |
Versova Beach Erosion: All this water has to be kept
under control if the land in Bombay is to remain habitable. The waves hitting
the land of Bombay move with rapid and fierce force in the ocean which are
slowly arrested by the shallow creeks near Colaba, Bandra and Mahim and they
take the shape of the coast reaching the land at much calmer pace. Now that the
Mahim Bay and Back Bay are being reclaimed, the waves can only be dissipated by
the Malad creek in the North. The violent waves hit the land and the course of
sea changes drastically towards the Malad creek in north which is causing
massive erosion of Versova Beach. The ill effects of excessive land
reclamations can also be seen from the recurring floods in Ulhas and Vaitarna
rivers in the low lying areas of Bombay. Only proper planning and prevention
measures can find long term solutions to these geological hazards.
Source: housing.com
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